Clinical Standards of Excellence

Lymphoma Division

Division Chief:  Andre Goy, MD

Quality Indicators:

  1. All patients with non-hodgkin lymphoma should have cytogenetics and FISH completed on their bone marrow and malignancy.
  2. All patients with large cell non-hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin’s disease should have a PET/CT scan after 2 to 3 cycles of chemotherapy.
  3. All patients with low grade lymphoma should have FISH completed on their bone marrow and malignancy.
  4. All patients with non-hodgkin lymphoma should have molecular subtyping.

All Patients

  1. All patients with solid tumors are staged according to ACoS standards.
  2. All patients who are receiving chemotherapy have a plan documented prior to administration of therapy.

Diagnostic Work Up:

Diffuse Large Cell Lymphoma
ICD 9 Codes
199.2
200.00
200.01
200.02
200.03
200.04
200.05
200.06
200.07
200.08
200.10
200.11
200.12
200.13
200.14
200.15
200.16
200.17
200.18
200.50
200.51
200.52
200.53
200.54
200.55
200.56
200.57
200.58
200.60
200.61
200.62
200.63
200.64
200.65
200.66
200.67
200.68
202.80
202.81
202.83
202.84
202.85
202.86
202.87
202.88
202.30
202.31
202.32
202.33
202.34
202.35
202.36
202.37
202.38
238.77
Diagnostic Work Up

Exam/Test

Clinical Assessment/Evaluation Including:

~ History & Physical

~ Nodal areas

~ B Cell Symptoms

~ Splenomegaly

~ Hepatomegaly

~ Staging and IPI Annotation

CBC

Chemistry Panel

LDH

Uric Acid

LFTs

Hepatitis B and C testing

HIV testing

Flow PBL (Optional)

beta2microglobulin (Optional)

Ig level (Optional)

Beta HCG when applicable (Optional)

Lymph node tissue biopsy (FNA not sufficient)

Bone marrow biopsy (bilateral or unilateral) if > 2 cm core

Immunophenotype:

~ IHC: CD3, CD5, CD10, CD19, CD20, BCl- 2, BCl- 6, MIB1 (KI- 67), MUM- 1

~ Flow cytometry: kappa/lambda, CD3, CD5, CD10, CD19, CD20, CD45

Molecular studies (as needed/indicated):

~ BCR, BcI- 2, BcI- 1 rearrangement

~ FISH/cytogenetics: t(14;18), t(3;v), t(8;14)

CT Chest/Abdomen/Pelvis with contrast

PET Scan

Muga Scan

CT Neck with contrast (Optional)

MRI Sinus/Orbits/Base of Skull if indicated (Optional)

Endoscopies: upper GI evaluation if tonsil involvement

CSF evaluation (and prophylaxis) in the following situations:

~ Location: testicular, breast, renal, sinus, paraspinal, peri-orbital

~ Extra nodal disease with 2 to 3 sites, extensive bone marrow involvement

~ Context: HIV

Prognostic Work Up
Follicular Lymphoma
ICD 9 Codes
199.2
200.00
200.01
200.02
200.03
200.04
200.05
200.06
200.07
200.08
200.10
200.11
200.12
200.13
200.14
200.15
200.16
200.17
200.18
200.50
200.51
200.52
200.53
200.54
200.55
200.56
200.57
200.58
200.60
200.61
200.62
200.63
200.64
200.65
200.66
200.67
200.68
200.80
200.81
200.82
200.83
200.84
200.85
200.86
200.87
200.88
202.00
202.01
202.02
202.03
202.04
202.05
202.06
202.07
202.08
202.30
202.31
202.32
202.33
202.34
202.35
202.36
202.37
202.38
238.77
Diagnostic Work Up

Exam/Test

Clinical Assessment/Evaluation Including:

~ History & Physical

~ Nodal areas

~ B Cell Symptoms

~ Splenomegaly

~ Hepatomegaly

~ Staging and IPI Annotation: FLIPI score

CBC

Chemistry Panel

LDH

Uric Acid

LFTs

Hepatitis B and C testing

HIV testing

Flow PBL (Optional)

beta2microglobulin (Optional)

Ig level (Optional)

Beta HCG when applicable (Optional)

PCR for minimal residual disease (as part of research) (Optional)

Lymph node tissue biopsy (FNA not sufficient)

Bone marrow biopsy (bilateral or unilateral) if > 2 cm core

Immunophenotype:

~ IHC: CD3, CD5, CD10, CD19, CD20, CD 21, CD23, BCl- 2, BCl- 6, KI67, cyclin D1

~ Flow cytometry: kappa/lambda, CD3, CD5, CD10, CD19, CD20, CD23

Molecular studies (as needed/indicated):

~ BCR, BcI- 2 rearrangement

~ FISH/cytogenetics: t(14;18), t(8;14)

CT Chest/Abdomen/Pelvis with contrast

PET Scan (can guide for additional biopsy to R/O transformation

Muga Scan

CT Neck with contrast if indicated (Optional)

MRI Sinus/Orbits/Base of Skull if indicated (Optional)

Prognostic Work Up
Gastric MALT
ICD 9 Codes
199.2
200.00
200.01
200.02
200.03
200.04
200.05
200.06
200.07
200.08
200.10
200.11
200.12
200.13
200.14
200.15
200.16
200.17
200.18
200.50
200.51
200.52
200.53
200.54
200.55
200.56
200.57
200.58
200.60
200.61
200.62
200.63
200.64
200.65
200.66
200.67
200.68
200.80
200.81
200.82
200.83
200.84
200.85
200.86
200.87
200.88
202.30
202.31
202.32
202.33
202.34
202.35
202.36
202.37
202.38
238.77
238.8
239.9
Diagnostic Work Up
Test/Exam:

Clinical Assessment/Evaluation Including:

~ History & Physical

~ Nodal areas

~ B Cell Symptoms

~ Splenomegaly

~ Hepatomegaly

~ Staging and IPI Annotation

CBC

Chemistry Panel

LDH

Uric Acid

LFTs

Hepatitis B and C testing

HIV testing

H Pylori tests: urea breath test, serology

Flow PBL (Optional)

beta2microglobulin (Optional)

Ig level (Optional)

Beta HCG when applicable (Optional)

Lymph node tissue biopsy (FNA not sufficient)

Bone marrow biopsy (bilateral or unilateral) if > 2 cm core

Immunophenotype:

~ IHC: CD3, CD5, CD10, CD19, CD20, CD21, CD23, BCl- 2, BCl- 6, KI67, cyclin D1

~ Flow cytometry: kappa/lambda, CD3, CD5, CD10, CD19, CD20, CD23

Molecular studies (as needed/indicated):

~ BCR rearrangement

~ FISH/PCR: t(11;18), t(1;14), (BcI-10)

CT Chest/Abdomen/Pelvis with contrast

PET Scan

Muga Scan

EUS (Optional)

Prognostic Work Up
Non Gastric MALT - Extra-nodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma
ICD 9 Codes
199.2
200.00
200.01
200.02
200.03
200.04
200.05
200.06
200.07
200.08
200.10
200.11
200.12
200.13
200.14
200.15
200.16
200.17
200.18
200.30
200.31
200.32
200.33
200.34
200.35
200.36
200.37
200.38
200.50
200.51
200.52
200.53
200.54
200.55
200.56
200.57
200.58
200.60
200.61
200.62
200.63
200.64
200.65
200.66
200.67
200.68
200.80
200.81
200.82
200.83
200.84
200.85
200.86
200.87
200.88
202.30
202.31
202.32
202.33
202.34
202.35
202.36
202.37
202.38
238.77
238.8
239.9
Diagnostic Work Up
Test/Exam:

Clinical Assessment/Evaluation Including:

~ History & Physical

~ Nodal areas

~ B Cell Symptoms

~ Splenomegaly

~ Hepatomegaly

~ Staging and IPI Annotation

CBC

Chemistry Panel

LDH

Uric Acid

LFTs

Hepatitis B and C testing

HIV testing

Flow PBL (Optional)

beta2microglobulin (Optional)

Ig level (Optional)

Beta HCG when applicable (Optional)

Lymph node tissue biopsy (FNA not sufficient)

Bone marrow biopsy (bilateral or unilateral) if > 2 cm core

Immunophenotype:

~ IHC: CD3, CD5, CD10, CD19, CD20, CB21, CD23, BCl- 2, BCl- 6, MIB1 (KI- 67), cyclin D1

~ Flow cytometry: kappa/lambda, CD3, CD5, CD10, CD19, CD20, CD45

Molecular studies (as needed/indicated):

~ BCR, BcI- 2, BcI- 1 rearrangement

~ FISH/cytogenetics: t(14;18), t(11;18), t(1;14)

CT Chest/Abdomen/Pelvis with contrast

PET Scan

Muga Scan

CT Neck with contrast (Optional)

MRI Sinus/Orbits/Base of Skull if indicated (Optional)

skin MZL: Lyme serology (Borrelia burgdorferi)

MALT conjunctiva: Chlamydia

Prognostic Work Up
Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma/SLL/CLL
ICD 9 Codes
199.2
200.00
200.01
200.02
200.03
200.04
200.05
200.06
200.07
200.08
200.10
200.11
200.12
200.13
200.14
200.15
200.16
200.17
200.18
200.50
200.51
200.52
200.53
200.54
200.55
200.56
200.57
200.58
200.60
200.61
200.62
200.63
200.64
200.65
200.66
200.67
200.68
200.80
200.81
200.82
200.83
200.84
200.85
200.86
200.87
200.88
202.00
202.01
202.02
202.03
202.04
202.05
202.06
202.07
202.08
202.30
202.31
202.32
202.33
202.34
202.35
202.36
202.37
202.38
238.77
238.8
239.9
Diagnostic Work Up
Test/Exam:

Clinical Assessment/Evaluation Including:

~ History & Physical

~ Nodal areas

~ B Cell Symptoms

~ Splenomegaly

~ Hepatomegaly

~ Staging IPI in SLL/Rai or Binet in CLL

CBC

Chemistry Panel

LDH

Uric Acid

LFTs

Hepatitis B and C testing

HIV testing

beta2microglobulin (Optional)

Ig level (Optional)

Beta HCG when applicable (Optional)

Lymph node tissue biopsy (FNA not sufficient)

Bone marrow biopsy (bilateral or unilateral) if > 2 cm core

Immunophenotype:

~ IHC: CD3, CD5, CD10, CD19, CD20, CD21, CD23, BCl- 2, cyclin D1

~ Flow cytometry: kappa/lambda, CD3, CD5, CD10, CD19, CD20, CD38, ZAP- 70

Molecular studies (as needed/indicated):

~ PCR: somatic mutations

~ FISH panel/cytogenetics: p53 deletion, tris 12, del q13, t(11;14)

CT Chest/Abdomen/Pelvis with contrast

PET Scan

Muga Scan

CT Neck with contrast (Optional)

MRI Sinus/Orbits/Base of Skull if indicated (Optional)

Hemolysis: Coombs

Prognostic Work Up
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
199.2
200.00
200.01
200.02
200.03
200.04
200.05
200.06
200.07
200.08
200.10
200.11
200.12
200.13
200.14
200.15
200.16
200.17
200.18
200.40
200.41
200.42
200.43
200.44
200.45
200.46
200.47
200.48
200.50
200.51
200.52
200.53
200.54
200.55
200.56
200.57
200.58
200.60
200.61
200.62
200.63
200.64
200.65
200.66
200.67
200.68
200.80
200.81
200.82
200.83
200.84
200.85
200.86
200.87
200.88
202.00
202.01
202.02
202.03
202.04
202.05
202.06
202.07
202.08
202.30
202.31
202.32
202.33
202.34
202.35
202.36
202.37
202.38
238.77
238.8
239.9
Diagnostic Work Up
Test/Exam:

Clinical Assessment/Evaluation Including:

~ History & Physical

~ Nodal areas

~ B Cell Symptoms

~ Splenomegaly

~ Hepatomegaly

~ Staging and IPI Annotation, MIPI new model

CBC

Chemistry Panel

LDH

Uric Acid

LFTs

Hepatitis B and C testing

HIV testing

Flow PBL (Optional)

beta2microglobulin (Optional)

Ig level (Optional)

Beta HCG when applicable (Optional)

Lymph node tissue biopsy (FNA not sufficient)

Bone marrow biopsy (bilateral or unilateral) if > 2 cm core

Immunophenotype:

~ IHC: CD3, CD5, CD10, CD19, CD20, CD21, CD23, BCl- 2, BCl- 6, MIB1 (KI- 67), cyclin D1

~ Flow cytometry: kappa/lambda, CD3, CD5, CD10, CD19, CD20, CD45

Molecular studies (as needed/indicated):

~ BcI- 1 rearrangement

~ FISH/cytogenetics: t(11;14)/optional FISH panel ATM and p53 deletion

CT Chest/Abdomen/Pelvis with contrast

PET Scan

Muga Scan

CT Neck with contrast (Optional)

MRI Sinus/Orbits/Base of Skull if indicated (Optional)

Endoscopies: upper and lower GI evaluation.  Not initial work up, but for restaging (R/O residual GI involvement)

CSF evaluation (and prophylaxis) in the following situations:

~ Location: testicular, breast, renal, sinus, paraspinal, peri-orbital

~ Subtype: blastoid variant

Prognostic Work Up
Burkitt's Lymphoma
ICD 9 Codes
199.2
200.20
200.21
200.22
200.23
200.24
200.25
200.26
200.27
200.28
202.00
202.01
202.02
202.03
202.04
202.05
202.06
202.07
202.08
202.30
202.31
202.32
202.33
202.34
202.35
202.36
202.37
202.38
238.77
238.8
239.9
Diagnostic Work Up
Test/Exam:

Clinical Assessment/Evaluation Including:

~ History & Physical

~ Nodal areas

~ B Cell Symptoms

~ Splenomegaly

~ Hepatomegaly

~ Staging and IPI Annotation

CBC

Chemistry Panel

LDH

Uric Acid

LFTs

Hepatitis B and C testing

HIV testing

Flow PBL (Optional)

beta2microglobulin (Optional)

Ig level (Optional)

Beta HCG when applicable (Optional)

CD4 count when applicable (Optional)

Lymph node tissue biopsy (FNA not sufficient)

Bone marrow biopsy (bilateral or unilateral) if > 2 cm core

Immunophenotype:

~ IHC: CD3, CD5, CD10, CD19, CD20, BCl- 2, BCl- 6, MIB1 (KI- 67), TdT

~ Flow cytometry: kappa/lambda, CD3, CD5, CD10, CD19, CD20, CD21, TdT

Molecular studies required:

~ c-MYC rearrangement

~ FISH/cytogenetics: t(8;14) or variants

~ EBV/EBER

CT Chest/Abdomen/Pelvis with contrast

PET Scan

Muga Scan

CT Neck with contrast (Optional)

MRI Sinus/Orbits/Base of Skull if indicated (Optional)

Endoscopies: upper GI evaluation if tonsil involvement

CSF evaluation (and prophylaxis) in all cases

Prognostic Work Up
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
ICD 9 Codes
199.2
200.00
200.01
200.02
200.03
200.04
200.05
200.06
200.07
200.08
200.10
200.11
200.12
200.13
200.14
200.15
200.16
200.17
200.18
200.50
200.51
200.52
200.53
200.54
200.55
200.56
200.57
200.58
200.60
200.61
200.62
200.63
200.64
200.65
200.66
200.67
200.68
202.00
202.01
202.02
202.03
202.04
202.05
202.06
202.07
202.08
202.30
202.31
202.32
202.33
202.34
202.35
202.36
202.37
202.38
202.80
202.81
202.82
202.83
202.84
202.85
202.86
202.87
202.88
238.77
238.8
239.9
Diagnostic Work Up
Test/Exam:

Clinical Assessment/Evaluation Including:

~ History & Physical

~ Nodal areas

~ B Cell Symptoms

~ Splenomegaly

~ Hepatomegaly

~ Staging

~ Petechia, bleeding, CNS or testes involvement, effusion (cytology and flow)

CBC

Chemistry Panel

LDH

Uric Acid

LFTs

Hepatitis B and C testing

HIV testing

Flow PBL (Optional)

beta2microglobulin (Optional)

Ig level (Optional)

Beta HCG when applicable (Optional)

Lymph node tissue biopsy (FNA not sufficient)

Bone marrow biopsy (bilateral or unilateral) if > 2 cm core

Immunophenotype:

~ IHC: CD2, CD3, CD5, CD 7, CD10, CD1a, CD19, CD20, TdT, sIg

~ Flow cytometry: kappa/lambda, CD1a, CD3, CD5, CD4, CD7, CD8, CD10, CD13, CD14, CD33, CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, TdT

Molecular studies required:

~ FISH/cytogenetics: t(8;14) or variants, t(9;22), TCR loci alpha delta at 14q11.2, or beta locus 7q35

CT Chest/Abdomen/Pelvis with contast

PET Scan

Muga Scan

MRI Brain

CT Neck with contrast (Optional)

CSF evaluation (and prophylaxis) in all cases

Prognostic Work Up
AIDS related Lymphoma
ICD 9 Codes
042
(AIDS Code)
200-202
(Lymphoma Code)
Diagnostic Work Up
Test/Exam:

Clinical Assessment/Evaluation Including:

~ History & Physical

~ Nodal areas

~ B Cell Symptoms

~ Splenomegaly

~ Hepatomegaly

~ Staging and IPI Annotation

CBC

Chemistry Panel

LDH

Uric Acid

LFTs

Hepatitis B and C testing

HIV testing

HIV viral load

CD4 count

EBV

CMV DNA

HHV8

beta2microglobulin (Optional)

Ig level (Optional)

Beta HCG when applicable (Optional)

Lymph node tissue biopsy (FNA not sufficient)

Bone marrow biopsy (bilateral or unilateral) if > 2 cm core

Immunophenotype:

~ IHC: CD3, CD5, CD10, CD19, CD20, BCl- 2, BCl- 6, MIB1 (KI- 67), MUM-1, CD138

~ Flow cytometry: kappa/lambda, CD3, CD5, CD10, CD19, CD20, CD45, TdT

Molecular studies (as needed/indicated):

~ BCR, BcI- 2, BcI- 6, c-MYC rearrangements

~ FISH/cytogenetics: t(14;18), t(3;v), t(8;14)

~ EBER on tissue

CT Chest/Abdomen/Pelvis with contrast

PET Scan

Muga Scan

CT Neck with contrast (Optional)

MRI Sinus/Orbits/Base of Skull if indicated (Optional)

Endoscopies: upper GI evaluation if tonsil involvement

CSF evaluation (and prophylaxis) in all cases

Prognostic Work Up
Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma
ICD 9 Codes
199.2
200.00
200.01
200.02
200.03
200.04
200.05
200.06
200.07
200.08
200.10
200.11
200.12
200.13
200.14
200.15
200.16
200.17
200.18
200.50
200.51
200.52
200.53
200.54
200.55
200.56
200.57
200.58
200.60
200.61
200.62
200.63
200.64
200.65
200.66
200.67
200.68
200.80
200.81
200.82
200.83
200.84
200.85
200.86
200.87
200.88
202.30
202.31
202.32
202.33
202.34
202.35
202.36
202.37
202.38
202.70
202.71
202.72
202.73
202.74
202.75
202.76
202.77
202.78
238.77
238.8
239.9
Diagnostic Work Up
Test/Exam:

Clinical Assessment/Evaluation Including:

~ History & Physical

~ Nodal areas

~ B Cell Symptoms

~ Splenomegaly

~ Hepatomegaly

~ Staging and IPI Annotation

CBC

Chemistry Panel

LDH

Uric Acid

LFTs

Hepatitis B and C testing

HIV testing

HTLV1

beta2microglobulin (Optional)

Ig level (Optional)

Beta HCG when applicable (Optional)

ANA (Optional)

Coombs in AILD (Optional)

Lymph node tissue biopsy (FNA not sufficient)

Bone marrow biopsy (bilateral or unilateral) if > 2 cm core

Immunophenotype:

~ IHC: CD2, CD3, CD5, CD10, CD19, CD20, CD4, CD8, CD7, CD30, BCl- 2, BCl- 6, MIB1 (KI- 67), ALK-1

~ Flow cytometry: kappa/lambda, CD2, CD3, CD5, CD10, CD19, CD20, CD4, CD8, CD7, CD30

Molecular studies (as needed/indicated):

~ TCR rearrangements

~ FISH/cytogenetics: t(2;5)

~ EBER on tissue, CXCL-13

~ Skin biopsies

CT Chest/Abdomen/Pelvis with contrast

PET Scan

Muga Scan

CT Neck with contrast (Optional)

MRI Sinus/Orbits/Base of Skull if indicated (Optional)

Bone scan or survey (Optional)

CSF evaluation (and prophylaxis) in the following situations:

~ Location: testicular, breast, renal, sinus, paraspinal, peri-orbital

~ Extra nodal disease with 2 to 3 sites, extensive bone marrow involvement

Prognostic Work Up
Mycosis Fungoides - Sezary Syndrome
ICD 9 Codes
199.2
202.10
202.11
202.12
202.13
202.14
202.15
202.16
202.17
202.18
202.20
202.21
202.22
202.23
202.24
202.25
202.26
202.27
202.28
202.30
202.31
202.32
202.33
202.34
202.35
202.36
202.37
202.38
238.77
238.8
239.9
Diagnostic Work Up
Test/Exam:

Clinical Assessment/Evaluation Including:

~ History & Physical

~ Nodal areas

~ B Cell Symptoms

~ Splenomegaly

~ Hepatomegaly

~ Skin lesions erythema

~ Plaques

~ Staging TNM

CBC

Chemistry Panel

LDH

Uric Acid

LFTs

Hepatitis B and C testing

HIV testing

HTLV1

beta2microglobulin (Optional)

Ig level (Optional)

Beta HCG when applicable (Optional)

Lymph node tissue biopsy (FNA not sufficient)

Bone marrow biopsy (bilateral or unilateral) if > 2 cm core

Immunophenotype:

~ IHC: CD2, CD3, CD5, CD10, CD19, CD20, CD4, CD8, CD7, CD30, BCl- 2, BCl- 6, MIB1 (KI- 67), ALK-1

~ Flow cytometry: kappa/lambda, CD2, CD3, CD5, CD10, CD19, CD20, CD4, CD8, CD7, CD30

Molecular studies (as needed/indicated):

~ TCR rearrangements

~ FISH/cytogenetics: t(2;5)

~ EBER on tissue, CXCL-13

~ Skin biopsies

CT Chest/Abdomen/Pelvis with contrast

PET Scan

Muga Scan

CT Neck with contrast (Optional)

MRI Sinus/Orbits/Base of Skull if indicated (Optional)

Bone scan or survey (Optional)

CSF evaluation (and prophylaxis) in the following situations:

~ Location: testicular, breast, renal, sinus, paraspinal, peri-orbital

~ Extra nodal disease with 2 to 3 sites, extensive bone marrow involvement

Prognostic Work Up
Hodgkin Lymphoma
ICD 9 Codes
199.2
200.70
200.71
200.72
200.73
200.74
200.75
200.76
200.77
200.78
201.10
201.11
201.12
201.13
201.14
201.15
201.16
201.17
201.18
201.20
201.21
201.22
201.23
201.24
201.25
201.26
201.27
201.28
201.40
201.41
201.42
201.43
201.44
201.45
201.46
201.47
201.48
201.50
201.52
201.53
201.54
201.55
201.56
201.57
201.58
201.60
201.61
201.62
201.63
201.64
201.65
201.66
201.67
201.68
201.70
201.71
201.72
201.73
201.74
201.75
201.76
201.77
201.78
201.90
201.91
201.92
201.93
201.94
201.95
201.96
201.97
201.98
238.77
238.8
239.9
Diagnostic Work Up
Test/Exam:

Clinical Assessment/Evaluation Including:

~ History & Physical

~ Nodal areas

~ B Cell Symptoms

~ Splenomegaly

~ Hepatomegaly

~ Staging and IPS scoring system annotation

CBC

Chemistry Panel

LDH

Uric Acid

LFTs

Hepatitis B and C testing

HIV testing

beta2microglobulin (Optional)

Ig level (Optional)

Beta HCG when applicable (Optional)

Sed rate

Lymph node tissue biopsy (FNA not sufficient)

Bone marrow biopsy (bilateral or unilateral) if > 2 cm core

Immunophenotype:

~ IHC: CD15, CD30, CD20, LCA

~ Flow cytometry: kappa/lambda: no clonality

Molecular studies (as needed/indicated):

~ EBV

CT Chest/Abdomen/Pelvis with contrast

PET Scan

Muga Scan

Pulmonary Function Tests

CT Neck with contrast (Optional)

Sperm banking and ovary chemical protection when applicable

Prognostic Work Up
Last updated: 2010-07-30